Background: Complete preparation of the root canal space is one of the most important stages in endodontic treatment. Aim of the study: To compare hand files and rotary system for extrusion of debris and irrigants from the apical foramen while performing biomechanical preparation of root canals. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Endodontics of the Dental institution. For the study, authors selected a total of 100 freshly extracted human mandibular premolars with complete root formation and having a single root canal. For the study, we grouped the sample equally into 4 groups for instrumentation with different techniques. Group 1- The teeth in this group were instrumented with a Hand K files.Group 2- The instrumentation of teeth in this group was carried out with a Rotary Protaper instrument.For irrigation of the canal, 1 ml of distilled water was used after every change of instrument. For all instrumentation techniques, the apex was prepared with #40 file. Results: In the present study, we observed that more debris and irrigant was extruded from the apex with hand K files as compared to Rotary files. In all the techniques, same amount and type of irrigant was used and the preparation was done by same operator on all patients. The extrusion of debris and irrigant was observed to be highest in Group 1. It was observed that significantly smaller amounts of irrigant and debris were extruded from the apex in Group 2.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that apical extrusion of debris and irrigant is seen with both, hand instruments and rotary instruments; however, the apical debris extrusion is significantly decreased with rotary instruments. Keywords: Root canal treatment, apical debris, irrigant extrusion, K files